Before da Vinci emerged on the scene, the Renaissance was already a breeding ground for artistic innovation. Artists such as Giotto di Bondone and Fra Angelico set the stage for a departure from the rigid constraints of medieval art. Their emphasis on naturalism and emotion in religious themes laid the groundwork for the human-centric approach that da Vinci would later champion.
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Filippo Brunelleschi, primarily an architect, brought a revolutionary understanding of linear perspective to art. His experiments with perspective not only transformed architectural design but also influenced painters like Masaccio and Paolo Uccello. Da Vinci, too, adopted Brunelleschi's principles, evident in the depth and realism of his iconic works.

Andrea del Verrocchio, a sculptor, painter, and teacher, played a crucial role in shaping da Vinci's artistic journey. As da Vinci's mentor, Verrocchio instilled in him a multifaceted approach to art. Verrocchio's mastery of various mediums, including sculpture, metalwork, and painting, inspired da Vinci to become a polymath of unparalleled proportions.

Sandro Botticelli, renowned for his mythological and allegorical works, was another luminary of the Italian Renaissance. His graceful figures and flowing compositions captivated da Vinci, influencing his portrayal of the human form. Botticelli's use of vibrant colours and intricate details also left an indelible mark on da Vinci's evolving style.
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The predecessors of Leonardo da Vinci navigated the world of art with limited materials compared to the extensive array available today. Groundbreaking artists of the time, including da Vinci, used tempera, a mixture of pigments and a water-soluble binder. However, da Vinci's later innovations included the use of oil paints, a technique that revolutionized the art world by allowing for greater flexibility, texture, and depth in his compositions.
Conclusion:
Leonardo da Vinci's artistic brilliance was a culmination of the efforts and innovations of those who paved the way during the Renaissance. From the revolutionary perspectives of Brunelleschi to the multifaceted teachings of Verrocchio, each predecessor left an indelible mark on da Vinci's oeuvre. As we appreciate the masterpieces of da Vinci, let us also acknowledge the rich tapestry of artistic influence that shaped one of history's greatest polymaths.

Michelangelo Buonarroti, one of the most revered figures in the history of art, left an indelible mark on the world with his masterful creations. From his breathtaking sculptures to his awe-inspiring frescoes, Michelangelo's work continues to captivate audiences centuries after his passing. In this article, we will delve into the life, works, techniques, and legacy of this legendary artist.

Early Life and Background
Michelangelo's early life was marked by artistic inclination and a fervent desire to create. Born into a family of modest means, he displayed prodigious talent from a young age. His father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, recognised his son's potential and encouraged his artistic pursuits.
At the age of 13, Michelangelo became an apprentice to the renowned painter Domenico Ghirlandaio, where he honed his skills in drawing, painting, and sculpture. His apprenticeship provided him with invaluable training and exposure to the artistic trends of the time, laying the foundation for his future greatness.

Major Works and Contributions
Sistine Chapel Ceiling
One of Michelangelo's crowning achievements is the magnificent ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. Commissioned by Pope Julius II, Michelangelo spent four years painstakingly painting the elaborate frescoes that adorn the ceiling. The centrepiece of the ceiling is the iconic depiction of the Creation of Adam, which has become one of the most recognisable images in Western art.

How did Michelangelo paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling?

Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. The Sistine Chapel is located in Vatican City and is one of the most famous and revered religious sites in the world. Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling, which at the time was a vast expanse of plain blue with golden stars.
Painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling was an extraordinary feat of artistic skill and endurance. Here are some key points about how Michelangelo approached this monumental task:

1. Preparation: Before starting the actual painting, Michelangelo prepared the surface of the ceiling by applying a layer of plaster, known as "intonaco." He then created a detailed full-scale drawing of his intended design, which he used as a guide during the painting process.
   
2. Scaffolding: To reach the ceiling, Michelangelo constructed a complex scaffolding system that allowed him to work as comfortably as possible. The scaffolding was carefully designed to support his weight and provide stability as he painted overhead. It is a myth that he needed to lie down while painting. This wouldn't have been practical. However he must have needed to lie down due to painting overhead during breaks from painting which he probably did on the scaffold. 
   
3. Technique: Michelangelo used a fresco painting technique, which involves applying pigments directly onto wet plaster. This method requires speed and precision, as the artist must work quickly before the plaster dries and sets.
   
4. Iconic Scenes: The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel features a series of nine central panels, each depicting a different biblical scene from the Book of Genesis. The most famous of these scenes is "The Creation of Adam," in which God reaches out to touch the hand of Adam, symbolizing the moment of creation.
   
5. Complexity and Detail: Michelangelo's ceiling is renowned for its complexity and detail. The artist painstakingly depicted a multitude of figures, including prophets, angels, and other biblical characters, all rendered with remarkable anatomical accuracy and emotional depth.
   
6. Symbolism and Narrative: Beyond its aesthetic beauty, the Sistine Chapel ceiling is rich in symbolism and narrative significance. Michelangelo's compositions convey profound theological themes and reflect the humanist ideals of the Renaissance era.
   
7. Restoration: Over the centuries, the Sistine Chapel ceiling suffered from damage and deterioration due to factors such as humidity, candle smoke, and atmospheric pollution. In the late 20th century, extensive restoration efforts were undertaken to preserve Michelangelo's masterpiece and reveal its original splendor.
   

In summary, Michelangelo's painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling represents a triumph of artistic vision and technical skill. It remains one of the most iconic and enduring achievements in the history of Western art, continuing to inspire and awe visitors from around the world.

Diagram of the subjects of the Sistine Chapel [1] (photo: Begoon, CC BY-SA 3.0)

David
Michelangelo's sculpture of David is a sublime testament to his mastery of marble carving. Carved from a single block of Carrara marble, the statue depicts the biblical hero David in a moment of serene determination before his battle with Goliath. Standing over 17 feet tall, David exemplifies Michelangelo's ability to imbue stone with lifelike vitality and emotional depth.

The Last Judgment
Adorning the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment is another of Michelangelo's monumental frescoes. Completed later in his career, the fresco depicts the Second Coming of Christ and the final judgment of souls. Its sweeping scale and dramatic intensity showcase Michelangelo's unparalleled command of composition and anatomy.

Techniques and Style
Michelangelo's artistic technique was characterised by meticulous attention to detail and a deep understanding of human anatomy. He believed that the true artist must possess an intimate knowledge of the human form to create works of enduring beauty and significance.
In his sculptures, Michelangelo employed a technique known as "non finito," or unfinished style, which deliberately left certain elements of the sculpture rough and unpolished. This technique allowed him to convey a sense of dynamic movement and raw emotion, giving his works a sense of vitality and immediacy.

Madonna della Pietà

Legacy and Influence
Michelangelo's influence on the course of Western art cannot be overstated. His revolutionary approach to form, composition, and expression paved the way for future generations of artists to explore new artistic possibilities.
Throughout the centuries, artists such as Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Caravaggio have drawn inspiration from Michelangelo's work, incorporating elements of his style into their own creations. His legacy endures not only in the masterpieces he left behind but also in the countless artists who continue to be inspired by his genius.
In conclusion, Michelangelo's contributions to art have left an indelible mark on the world, elevating the human spirit and transcending the boundaries of time and space. His unwavering dedication to his craft and his unparalleled vision continue to inspire and captivate audiences around the globe, ensuring that his legacy will endure for generations to come.

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Early American Folk Art Traditions: The Hearthside Inspirations
Grandma Moses drew inspiration from early American folk art traditions, where everyday scenes and domestic life took centre stage. The simplicity and heartfelt warmth of these traditions influenced Moses's choice of subjects and her commitment to portraying the familiar, creating a visual narrative of rural existence.

The Naïve Brilliance of Henri Rousseau
Henri Rousseau, a French post-impressionist painter known for his naïve style, contributed to Grandma Moses's artistic palette. Rousseau's uninhibited approach to painting and his use of vibrant colours influenced Moses's bold, cheerful compositions, reflecting the joy and optimism inherent in her rural scenes.

Currier and Ives: Chroniclers of Rural America
The prints of Currier and Ives, popular in the 19th century, celebrated rural American life in a style that resonated with Grandma Moses. Their picturesque landscapes and narrative scenes inspired Moses to capture the essence of a bygone era in her own work, perpetuating the nostalgic allure of rural America.

The Influence of European Naïve Art
Grandma Moses admired the works of European naïve artists, such as Grandma Moses of France and Niko Pirosmani of Georgia. These artists, like Moses herself, lacked formal training but possessed an innate ability to convey the simplicity and beauty of everyday life. Moses's exposure to these European counterparts broadened her appreciation for the universality of the folk art aesthetic.

The Palette of Grandma Moses: A Quilt of Colours
Grandma Moses primarily worked with oil paints on Masonite or pressed wood boards. Her palette, influenced by the vibrant hues of Rousseau and the earthy tones of early American folk art, consisted of warm, harmonious colours that brought her charming rural scenes to life. Moses's paintings often exuded a sense of nostalgia, inviting viewers to step into a simpler, more idyllic time.

Grandma Moses's artistic journey was a testament to the enduring power of folk art traditions and the influences of kindred spirits. From the quaint charm of early American folk art to the naïve brilliance of Rousseau, each influence contributed to the unique tapestry of Grandma Moses's work. As we marvel at the simplicity and joy encapsulated in her rural scenes, let us appreciate the rich folk art heritage that guided Grandma Moses's brush through the fields and byways of her beloved landscapes.

​Venice, with its labyrinthine canals, majestic palazzos, and timeless allure, has always been a muse for artists seeking to capture its unique beauty. Among these, one name shines brightly: Canaletto. Giovanni Antonio Canal, known by his pseudonym Canaletto, is celebrated as one of the greatest vedutisti (cityscape painters) of all time, with his masterful depictions of Venice immortalizing the city's grandeur for generations to come.
Born in 1697 into a family of painters, Canaletto honed his skills under the tutelage of his father, Bernardo Canal, a scenic painter. Early in his career, Canaletto focused on painting theatrical scenery, mastering the art of perspective and spatial composition—a skill that would later define his renowned vedute of Venice.
Canaletto's paintings of Venice are distinguished by their meticulous attention to detail and unparalleled accuracy. His works capture the city's architectural marvels with astonishing precision, rendering every facade, bridge, and canal with remarkable fidelity. Canaletto's commitment to realism was not merely technical; it was infused with a profound love for his native city, evident in the affectionate portrayal of its landmarks and everyday life.
One of Canaletto's most notable contributions to the genre of vedute was his innovative use of the camera obscura—a device that projected an image onto a surface, aiding artists in achieving precise perspective and proportions. Canaletto's mastery of this tool allowed him to create compositions of breathtaking realism, imbuing his paintings with a sense of depth and spatial coherence that was unprecedented in his time.
Among Canaletto's most iconic works are his series of paintings depicting the Grand Canal, Venice's main thoroughfare and a symbol of the city's grandeur. In these paintings, Canaletto captures the bustling life along the canal, with gondolas gliding gracefully amidst palatial facades bathed in golden sunlight. Each brushstroke is imbued with a sense of vitality, transporting the viewer to the heart of Venetian splendour.
Beyond his vedute of Venice's famous landmarks, Canaletto also depicted the city's quieter corners and intimate scenes of everyday life. Whether portraying a bustling market square or a tranquil canal-side promenade, Canaletto's paintings evoke the timeless charm of Venice, inviting viewers to immerse themselves in its enchanting atmosphere.
Canaletto's influence extended far beyond his lifetime, shaping the way subsequent generations of artists perceived and portrayed Venice. His legacy lives on in the countless works of art that continue to celebrate the city's beauty, each one a testament to Canaletto's enduring genius and his unrivalled ability to capture the essence of Venice on canvas.