Before da Vinci emerged on the scene, the Renaissance was already a breeding ground for artistic innovation. Artists such as Giotto di Bondone and Fra Angelico set the stage for a departure from the rigid constraints of medieval art. Their emphasis on naturalism and emotion in religious themes laid the groundwork for the human-centric approach that da Vinci would later champion.
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Filippo Brunelleschi, primarily an architect, brought a revolutionary understanding of linear perspective to art. His experiments with perspective not only transformed architectural design but also influenced painters like Masaccio and Paolo Uccello. Da Vinci, too, adopted Brunelleschi's principles, evident in the depth and realism of his iconic works.

Andrea del Verrocchio, a sculptor, painter, and teacher, played a crucial role in shaping da Vinci's artistic journey. As da Vinci's mentor, Verrocchio instilled in him a multifaceted approach to art. Verrocchio's mastery of various mediums, including sculpture, metalwork, and painting, inspired da Vinci to become a polymath of unparalleled proportions.

Sandro Botticelli, renowned for his mythological and allegorical works, was another luminary of the Italian Renaissance. His graceful figures and flowing compositions captivated da Vinci, influencing his portrayal of the human form. Botticelli's use of vibrant colours and intricate details also left an indelible mark on da Vinci's evolving style.
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The predecessors of Leonardo da Vinci navigated the world of art with limited materials compared to the extensive array available today. Groundbreaking artists of the time, including da Vinci, used tempera, a mixture of pigments and a water-soluble binder. However, da Vinci's later innovations included the use of oil paints, a technique that revolutionized the art world by allowing for greater flexibility, texture, and depth in his compositions.
Conclusion:
Leonardo da Vinci's artistic brilliance was a culmination of the efforts and innovations of those who paved the way during the Renaissance. From the revolutionary perspectives of Brunelleschi to the multifaceted teachings of Verrocchio, each predecessor left an indelible mark on da Vinci's oeuvre. As we appreciate the masterpieces of da Vinci, let us also acknowledge the rich tapestry of artistic influence that shaped one of history's greatest polymaths.

Michelangelo Buonarroti, one of the most revered figures in the history of art, left an indelible mark on the world with his masterful creations. From his breathtaking sculptures to his awe-inspiring frescoes, Michelangelo's work continues to captivate audiences centuries after his passing. In this article, we will delve into the life, works, techniques, and legacy of this legendary artist.

Early Life and Background
Michelangelo's early life was marked by artistic inclination and a fervent desire to create. Born into a family of modest means, he displayed prodigious talent from a young age. His father, Ludovico di Leonardo Buonarroti Simoni, recognised his son's potential and encouraged his artistic pursuits.
At the age of 13, Michelangelo became an apprentice to the renowned painter Domenico Ghirlandaio, where he honed his skills in drawing, painting, and sculpture. His apprenticeship provided him with invaluable training and exposure to the artistic trends of the time, laying the foundation for his future greatness.

Major Works and Contributions
Sistine Chapel Ceiling
One of Michelangelo's crowning achievements is the magnificent ceiling of the Sistine Chapel in Vatican City. Commissioned by Pope Julius II, Michelangelo spent four years painstakingly painting the elaborate frescoes that adorn the ceiling. The centrepiece of the ceiling is the iconic depiction of the Creation of Adam, which has become one of the most recognisable images in Western art.

How did Michelangelo paint the Sistine Chapel ceiling?

Michelangelo painted the Sistine Chapel ceiling between 1508 and 1512. The Sistine Chapel is located in Vatican City and is one of the most famous and revered religious sites in the world. Pope Julius II commissioned Michelangelo to paint the ceiling, which at the time was a vast expanse of plain blue with golden stars.
Painting the Sistine Chapel ceiling was an extraordinary feat of artistic skill and endurance. Here are some key points about how Michelangelo approached this monumental task:

1. Preparation: Before starting the actual painting, Michelangelo prepared the surface of the ceiling by applying a layer of plaster, known as "intonaco." He then created a detailed full-scale drawing of his intended design, which he used as a guide during the painting process.
   
2. Scaffolding: To reach the ceiling, Michelangelo constructed a complex scaffolding system that allowed him to work as comfortably as possible. The scaffolding was carefully designed to support his weight and provide stability as he painted overhead. It is a myth that he needed to lie down while painting. This wouldn't have been practical. However he must have needed to lie down due to painting overhead during breaks from painting which he probably did on the scaffold. 
   
3. Technique: Michelangelo used a fresco painting technique, which involves applying pigments directly onto wet plaster. This method requires speed and precision, as the artist must work quickly before the plaster dries and sets.
   
4. Iconic Scenes: The ceiling of the Sistine Chapel features a series of nine central panels, each depicting a different biblical scene from the Book of Genesis. The most famous of these scenes is "The Creation of Adam," in which God reaches out to touch the hand of Adam, symbolizing the moment of creation.
   
5. Complexity and Detail: Michelangelo's ceiling is renowned for its complexity and detail. The artist painstakingly depicted a multitude of figures, including prophets, angels, and other biblical characters, all rendered with remarkable anatomical accuracy and emotional depth.
   
6. Symbolism and Narrative: Beyond its aesthetic beauty, the Sistine Chapel ceiling is rich in symbolism and narrative significance. Michelangelo's compositions convey profound theological themes and reflect the humanist ideals of the Renaissance era.
   
7. Restoration: Over the centuries, the Sistine Chapel ceiling suffered from damage and deterioration due to factors such as humidity, candle smoke, and atmospheric pollution. In the late 20th century, extensive restoration efforts were undertaken to preserve Michelangelo's masterpiece and reveal its original splendor.
   

In summary, Michelangelo's painting of the Sistine Chapel ceiling represents a triumph of artistic vision and technical skill. It remains one of the most iconic and enduring achievements in the history of Western art, continuing to inspire and awe visitors from around the world.

Diagram of the subjects of the Sistine Chapel [1] (photo: Begoon, CC BY-SA 3.0)

David
Michelangelo's sculpture of David is a sublime testament to his mastery of marble carving. Carved from a single block of Carrara marble, the statue depicts the biblical hero David in a moment of serene determination before his battle with Goliath. Standing over 17 feet tall, David exemplifies Michelangelo's ability to imbue stone with lifelike vitality and emotional depth.

The Last Judgment
Adorning the altar wall of the Sistine Chapel, The Last Judgment is another of Michelangelo's monumental frescoes. Completed later in his career, the fresco depicts the Second Coming of Christ and the final judgment of souls. Its sweeping scale and dramatic intensity showcase Michelangelo's unparalleled command of composition and anatomy.

Techniques and Style
Michelangelo's artistic technique was characterised by meticulous attention to detail and a deep understanding of human anatomy. He believed that the true artist must possess an intimate knowledge of the human form to create works of enduring beauty and significance.
In his sculptures, Michelangelo employed a technique known as "non finito," or unfinished style, which deliberately left certain elements of the sculpture rough and unpolished. This technique allowed him to convey a sense of dynamic movement and raw emotion, giving his works a sense of vitality and immediacy.

Madonna della Pietà

Legacy and Influence
Michelangelo's influence on the course of Western art cannot be overstated. His revolutionary approach to form, composition, and expression paved the way for future generations of artists to explore new artistic possibilities.
Throughout the centuries, artists such as Raphael, Leonardo da Vinci, and Caravaggio have drawn inspiration from Michelangelo's work, incorporating elements of his style into their own creations. His legacy endures not only in the masterpieces he left behind but also in the countless artists who continue to be inspired by his genius.
In conclusion, Michelangelo's contributions to art have left an indelible mark on the world, elevating the human spirit and transcending the boundaries of time and space. His unwavering dedication to his craft and his unparalleled vision continue to inspire and captivate audiences around the globe, ensuring that his legacy will endure for generations to come.

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